Brain drain in African healthcare: A systematic review and policy implications

The migration of highly educated and working professionals from Africa to more developed regions–commonly referred to as “brain drain”–is a significant issue that undermines the continent's socioeconomic progress. This paper provides a systematic literature review of the drivers of brain drain within the context of Africa’s healthcare sector. The analysis categorizes the reasons why healthcare professionals choose to emigrate out of Africa. Our findings reveal the inadequacies of the healthcare sector in various African countries as well as cross-national issues that motivate brain drain decisions, drawing attention to the urgent need for policy interventions. By synthesizing current research, this paper offers a comprehensive model that future studies can utilize in developing new research questions aimed at understanding and addressing the issues around brain drain. We offer recommendations that focus on sustainable policy solutions and management practices to enhance retention and create an environment conducive to healthcare excellence and socioeconomic resilience. This study contributes to policy and academic discussions by framing actionable strategies to mitigate brain drain in the hopes of improving the overall health and well-being of African citizens.