Large refrigerant capacity in superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles embedded in a thin film matrix

A magnetocaloric effect (MCE) with sizable isothermal entropy change (DS) maintained over a broad range of temperatures above the blocking temperature is reported for a rare earth-free superparamagnetic nanoparticle system comprising of Fe-TiN heterostructure. The superparamagnetic iron (Fe) particles were embedded in a titanium nitride (TiN) thin-film matrix in a TiN/Fe/TiN multilayered pattern using a pulsed laser deposition method. High angle annular dark-field images in conjunction with dispersive energy analysis, recorded using scanning transmission electron microscopy, show a clear presence of alternating layers of Fe and TiN with a distinct atomic number contrast between Fe particles and TiN. Quantitative information about the isothermal entropy change (DS) and the magnetocaloric effect in the multilayer Fe-TiN system has been obtained by applying Maxwell relation to the magnetization versus temperature data at various fields. With the absence of a dynamic magnetic hysteresis above the blocking temperature, the negative DS as high as 4.18×103 J/Km3 (normal or forward MCE) is obtained at 3 T at 300 K.