TY - JOUR
T1 - The Combined Effects of Urine Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, and Copper on Endometrial Cancer Staging
AU - Haruna, Issah
AU - Broaddus, Russell R.
AU - Gladden, Andrew B.
AU - Subedi, Kiran
AU - Obeng-Gyasi, Emmanuel
PY - 2025/2/1
Y1 - 2025/2/1
N2 - Endometrial cancer (EC) is a growing public health concern. This secondary data study of a case series leveraged existing samples and data to explore the potential link between exposure to heavy metals/essential elements and stage of EC. We analyzed urine samples from women with EC, measuring levels of toxic metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead) and essential elements (zinc and copper). Our findings revealed that higher levels of mercury, cadmium, and lead are associated with more advanced EC stages. Conversely, zinc showed a protective effect, potentially mitigating EC stage progression. Copper levels did not show a clear association with EC stage. These results highlight the potential impact of environmental exposures on EC stage and the crucial need for advanced statistical methods to understand the combined effects of these pollutants on health and the need for public health interventions. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms by which these metals influence EC stage and long-term outcomes.
AB - Endometrial cancer (EC) is a growing public health concern. This secondary data study of a case series leveraged existing samples and data to explore the potential link between exposure to heavy metals/essential elements and stage of EC. We analyzed urine samples from women with EC, measuring levels of toxic metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead) and essential elements (zinc and copper). Our findings revealed that higher levels of mercury, cadmium, and lead are associated with more advanced EC stages. Conversely, zinc showed a protective effect, potentially mitigating EC stage progression. Copper levels did not show a clear association with EC stage. These results highlight the potential impact of environmental exposures on EC stage and the crucial need for advanced statistical methods to understand the combined effects of these pollutants on health and the need for public health interventions. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms by which these metals influence EC stage and long-term outcomes.
KW - Bayesian kernel machine regression
KW - EC
KW - environmental pollutants
KW - essential element
KW - heavy metals
KW - linear regression univariate and bivariate exposure-response
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85218906467&origin=inward
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85218906467&origin=inward
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph22020245
DO - 10.3390/ijerph22020245
M3 - Article
C2 - 40003471
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 22
JO - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
IS - 2
M1 - 245
ER -
