TY - JOUR
T1 - X-ray absorption measurements on nickel cathode of sodium-beta alumina batteries: Fe-Ni-Cl chemical associations
AU - Bowden, Mark E.
AU - Alvine, Kyle J.
AU - Fulton, John L.
AU - Lemmon, John P.
AU - Lu, Xiaochuan
AU - Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo
AU - Heald, Steve M.
AU - Balasubramanian, Mahalingam
AU - Mortensen, Devon. R.
AU - Seidler, Gerald T.
AU - Hess, Nancy J.
PY - 2014/1/1
Y1 - 2014/1/1
N2 - Sections of Na-Al-NiCl2 cathodes from sodium-beta alumina ZEBRA batteries have been characterized with X-ray fluorescence mapping, and XANES measurements to probe the microstructure, elemental correlation, and chemical speciation after voltage cycling. Cycling was performed under identical load conditions at either 240 or 280 C operating temperature and subsequently quenched in either the charged or discharged state. X-ray fluorescence mapping and XANES measurements were made adjacent to the current collector and β″-Al2O3 solid electrolyte interfaces to detect possible gradients in chemical properties across the cathode. An FeS additive, introduced during battery synthesis, was found to be present as either Fe metal or an Fe(II) chloride in all cathode samples. X-ray fluorescence mapping reveals an operating temperature and charge-state dependent spatial correlation between Fe, Ni, and Cl concentration. XANES measurements indicate that both Ni and Fe are chemically reactive and shift between metallic and chloride phases in the charged and discharged states, respectively. However the percentage of chemically active Ni and Fe is significantly less in the cell operated at lower temperature. Additionally, the cathode appeared chemically homogeneous at the scale of our X-ray measurements. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
AB - Sections of Na-Al-NiCl2 cathodes from sodium-beta alumina ZEBRA batteries have been characterized with X-ray fluorescence mapping, and XANES measurements to probe the microstructure, elemental correlation, and chemical speciation after voltage cycling. Cycling was performed under identical load conditions at either 240 or 280 C operating temperature and subsequently quenched in either the charged or discharged state. X-ray fluorescence mapping and XANES measurements were made adjacent to the current collector and β″-Al2O3 solid electrolyte interfaces to detect possible gradients in chemical properties across the cathode. An FeS additive, introduced during battery synthesis, was found to be present as either Fe metal or an Fe(II) chloride in all cathode samples. X-ray fluorescence mapping reveals an operating temperature and charge-state dependent spatial correlation between Fe, Ni, and Cl concentration. XANES measurements indicate that both Ni and Fe are chemically reactive and shift between metallic and chloride phases in the charged and discharged states, respectively. However the percentage of chemically active Ni and Fe is significantly less in the cell operated at lower temperature. Additionally, the cathode appeared chemically homogeneous at the scale of our X-ray measurements. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW - Chemical mapping
KW - Fe additives
KW - Sodium-nickel chloride battery
KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.046
DO - 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.046
M3 - Article
SN - 0378-7753
VL - 247
SP - 517
EP - 526
JO - Journal of Power Sources
JF - Journal of Power Sources
ER -
